美國一夜增4死!累計91確診6死 傳染病專 - 股票

By Damian
at 2020-03-03T15:59
at 2020-03-03T15:59
Table of Contents
以我對台灣的了解,藥物經濟學是非常非常冷門的一門學科
當然,藥物經濟學本身就不是大熱門的科系
其次就是台灣政府相關人員由古至今都不是以數字為導向
也因此你常常會看到一堆可笑的補助方案、驚人的天才預算消耗作為
要知道,台灣雖然是民主國家,但並不是一個效率導向的文化
多數時間更多的接近人治,也就是所謂的憑感覺(或利益交換)
原因無他,多數檯面上的政治人物對於效率的觀念極為薄弱
他們本身就都是法律、政治背景出身的,從政一路上也沒受過相關的訓練
什麼成本效益分析都是屁,能在下次選舉中獲得多少選票才是真理
而為什麼可笑的花費能成為選票? 因為台灣本身的民族性就不要求效率
我們骨子裡受到華人以及日本文化的影響,偏偏兩者都是人治和無效率出名的
回到藥物經濟學
藥物經濟學是一門非常冷酷的學問,他讓藥廠投入高額的投資錢計算回報率(而非治癒)
他讓政府機關引進藥物或納入社福給付時多了經濟性去思考
所以為什麼國外罕病會有特殊補助? 不然早就被藥物經濟學排除到體制之外了
我敢這麼說,絕對不會說是我跟CDC/MOHW/NHI都交手過XDDDD
很有名的例子是就是幾年前的Hepatitis C藥物
台灣是C肝重災區,C肝藥當初研發目標市場台灣也是其中之一
2013年美國上市,2014年日本就開始吃,台灣要到2017年才納入健保給付
所有藥物經濟學家都指出就算你給付Gilead最貴的Harvoni
治療重症患者上絕對都比傳統托檯錢的方式省非常多資源
而且Hepatitis C是會傳染的,意思是你多治癒一個就減少了傳染的可能性
甚至藥廠們建議改部分健保給付部分自費完成,還是無解
再回到台灣政府預算消化的方式
我不知道各位有沒有看過任何一份政府ROI企劃書
基本上他們沒有best case或worst case,只有豪洨Case
甚至大多時候我都不知道那些企畫書有沒有任何KPI
尤其是這二十年來特別預算的濫觴,幾乎把政府支出大半都轉移到特別預算上面
多數花費幾乎快變成不求回報的社福了,但卻依然用"經濟效益"去解釋
我可以確定的是,台灣執政絕對不是用任何模型之類的在判斷
隨便舉例好了,夜市消費券、計程車補助購車,從來都沒人能夠說服我們經濟效益在哪
為什麼我們要補助這些不用繳稅的行業?
結論:
台灣施政方針絕對不是基於效率的計算去做理性選擇。
※ 引述《dearevan (歸去,也無風雨也無晴)》之銘言:
: 史達林曾說過:「一個人的死亡是悲劇,一百萬個人的死亡是統計數據。」
: 在公共醫療與疫苗公費施打的估算上,
: 常以藥物經濟學去描述與分析藥物治療對於醫療體系以及社會造成的成本
: 其中採用了
: 最低成本分析 (Cost-Minimization Analysis)
: 成本效益分析 (Cost-Effectiveness Analysis),
: 成本效用分析 (Cost-Utility Analysis)
: 成本收益分析 (Cost-Benefit Analysis)
: 比如以下這篇"中國"的討論文章當中提到的
: 疫苗藥物經濟學評價中有關成本和效果的測算方法探討 (2017年)
: 原文網址:https://kknews.cc/health/mg4q5g9.html
: 估算疫苗接種成本,接種疫苗健康產出的估算,一般指減少發病率、患病率、
: 死亡人數、感染率,增加期望壽命、健康期望壽命
: [經傷殘校正後的期望壽命即傷殘調整生命年
: (disability adjusted life years,DALYs)],
: 以及延長生命年(years of life saved)或者增加的生命質量(quality of life)
: 在台灣最近的例子就是肺炎鏈球菌疫苗要不要列入公費施打疫苗的成本估算
: https://www.cdc.gov.tw/uploads/files/5d24955f-e4f3-4a68-b118-a7622b58b225.pdf
: 這裡面列了流行病學調查,疾病參數,成本參數,效用分析等
: 讓政府藉此評估模型,去考量肺炎鏈球菌改成公費支出這筆預算"是否划算"
: 以疫苗來說,也會牽涉到平均壽命與人均GDP的評估考量
: 也就是說花這筆錢給國民施打疫苗,將來的投資報酬率是否符合成本($$)
: 所以可以看到同一支疫苗在美國是公費補助,但在印尼政府根本不會列入公費
: 因為對印尼政府來說,疫苗太貴,全面施打下去所付出的成本跟將來回收的成本不划算
: 以上述出發點來看"最高規格防疫"的整體醫療與經濟效應
: 就是看各國政府以模型去推算怎樣做會比較符合現實狀況並且權衡這代價是否划算
: 當然,上述論調這是站在宏觀調控的視野來看
: 站在個人微觀的角度來看,人都有趨吉避凶的本能,
: 看到某某國家爆發大規模傳染又沒有可用藥物,不管死亡率是10%還是1%,
: 受恐慌心理影響多半會選擇避免去這類國家旅遊洽公,旅遊這方面的經濟活動就會降低
: 又或者看到醫院爆發感染,矮唷,最近還是少去醫院唯妙,醫師的診所收入就受到影響
: 更遠一點來說,在疫情與恐慌心理的影響下,越來越多人認同現金為王,
: 因此當大多數人開始減少消費,也會對經濟造成影響
: 另一方面
: 當防疫手段失算導致疫情擴散,這會導致民怨沸騰,
: 在民主國家就會對政府造成壓力而改變措施
: 比如韓國大統領文在寅最近就被申訴了(彈劾)
: 獨裁極權國家好像比沒有這方面的煩惱,#相信黨 #相信政府 #切記史達林同志的教誨
: 對極權國家來說,一百萬個人的死亡就只是個統計數據,沒事兒
: KEEP CALM AND CARRY ON
--
當然,藥物經濟學本身就不是大熱門的科系
其次就是台灣政府相關人員由古至今都不是以數字為導向
也因此你常常會看到一堆可笑的補助方案、驚人的天才預算消耗作為
要知道,台灣雖然是民主國家,但並不是一個效率導向的文化
多數時間更多的接近人治,也就是所謂的憑感覺(或利益交換)
原因無他,多數檯面上的政治人物對於效率的觀念極為薄弱
他們本身就都是法律、政治背景出身的,從政一路上也沒受過相關的訓練
什麼成本效益分析都是屁,能在下次選舉中獲得多少選票才是真理
而為什麼可笑的花費能成為選票? 因為台灣本身的民族性就不要求效率
我們骨子裡受到華人以及日本文化的影響,偏偏兩者都是人治和無效率出名的
回到藥物經濟學
藥物經濟學是一門非常冷酷的學問,他讓藥廠投入高額的投資錢計算回報率(而非治癒)
他讓政府機關引進藥物或納入社福給付時多了經濟性去思考
所以為什麼國外罕病會有特殊補助? 不然早就被藥物經濟學排除到體制之外了
我敢這麼說,絕對不會說是我跟CDC/MOHW/NHI都交手過XDDDD
很有名的例子是就是幾年前的Hepatitis C藥物
台灣是C肝重災區,C肝藥當初研發目標市場台灣也是其中之一
2013年美國上市,2014年日本就開始吃,台灣要到2017年才納入健保給付
所有藥物經濟學家都指出就算你給付Gilead最貴的Harvoni
治療重症患者上絕對都比傳統托檯錢的方式省非常多資源
而且Hepatitis C是會傳染的,意思是你多治癒一個就減少了傳染的可能性
甚至藥廠們建議改部分健保給付部分自費完成,還是無解
再回到台灣政府預算消化的方式
我不知道各位有沒有看過任何一份政府ROI企劃書
基本上他們沒有best case或worst case,只有豪洨Case
甚至大多時候我都不知道那些企畫書有沒有任何KPI
尤其是這二十年來特別預算的濫觴,幾乎把政府支出大半都轉移到特別預算上面
多數花費幾乎快變成不求回報的社福了,但卻依然用"經濟效益"去解釋
我可以確定的是,台灣執政絕對不是用任何模型之類的在判斷
隨便舉例好了,夜市消費券、計程車補助購車,從來都沒人能夠說服我們經濟效益在哪
為什麼我們要補助這些不用繳稅的行業?
結論:
台灣施政方針絕對不是基於效率的計算去做理性選擇。
※ 引述《dearevan (歸去,也無風雨也無晴)》之銘言:
: 史達林曾說過:「一個人的死亡是悲劇,一百萬個人的死亡是統計數據。」
: 在公共醫療與疫苗公費施打的估算上,
: 常以藥物經濟學去描述與分析藥物治療對於醫療體系以及社會造成的成本
: 其中採用了
: 最低成本分析 (Cost-Minimization Analysis)
: 成本效益分析 (Cost-Effectiveness Analysis),
: 成本效用分析 (Cost-Utility Analysis)
: 成本收益分析 (Cost-Benefit Analysis)
: 比如以下這篇"中國"的討論文章當中提到的
: 疫苗藥物經濟學評價中有關成本和效果的測算方法探討 (2017年)
: 原文網址:https://kknews.cc/health/mg4q5g9.html
: 估算疫苗接種成本,接種疫苗健康產出的估算,一般指減少發病率、患病率、
: 死亡人數、感染率,增加期望壽命、健康期望壽命
: [經傷殘校正後的期望壽命即傷殘調整生命年
: (disability adjusted life years,DALYs)],
: 以及延長生命年(years of life saved)或者增加的生命質量(quality of life)
: 在台灣最近的例子就是肺炎鏈球菌疫苗要不要列入公費施打疫苗的成本估算
: https://www.cdc.gov.tw/uploads/files/5d24955f-e4f3-4a68-b118-a7622b58b225.pdf
: 這裡面列了流行病學調查,疾病參數,成本參數,效用分析等
: 讓政府藉此評估模型,去考量肺炎鏈球菌改成公費支出這筆預算"是否划算"
: 以疫苗來說,也會牽涉到平均壽命與人均GDP的評估考量
: 也就是說花這筆錢給國民施打疫苗,將來的投資報酬率是否符合成本($$)
: 所以可以看到同一支疫苗在美國是公費補助,但在印尼政府根本不會列入公費
: 因為對印尼政府來說,疫苗太貴,全面施打下去所付出的成本跟將來回收的成本不划算
: 以上述出發點來看"最高規格防疫"的整體醫療與經濟效應
: 就是看各國政府以模型去推算怎樣做會比較符合現實狀況並且權衡這代價是否划算
: 當然,上述論調這是站在宏觀調控的視野來看
: 站在個人微觀的角度來看,人都有趨吉避凶的本能,
: 看到某某國家爆發大規模傳染又沒有可用藥物,不管死亡率是10%還是1%,
: 受恐慌心理影響多半會選擇避免去這類國家旅遊洽公,旅遊這方面的經濟活動就會降低
: 又或者看到醫院爆發感染,矮唷,最近還是少去醫院唯妙,醫師的診所收入就受到影響
: 更遠一點來說,在疫情與恐慌心理的影響下,越來越多人認同現金為王,
: 因此當大多數人開始減少消費,也會對經濟造成影響
: 另一方面
: 當防疫手段失算導致疫情擴散,這會導致民怨沸騰,
: 在民主國家就會對政府造成壓力而改變措施
: 比如韓國大統領文在寅最近就被申訴了(彈劾)
: 獨裁極權國家好像比沒有這方面的煩惱,#相信黨 #相信政府 #切記史達林同志的教誨
: 對極權國家來說,一百萬個人的死亡就只是個統計數據,沒事兒
: KEEP CALM AND CARRY ON
--
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at 2020-08-29T10:48

By Necoo
at 2020-09-03T04:57
at 2020-09-03T04:57

By Yuri
at 2020-09-03T08:35
at 2020-09-03T08:35

By Elizabeth
at 2020-09-07T09:44
at 2020-09-07T09:44

By Todd Johnson
at 2020-09-10T22:32
at 2020-09-10T22:32

By Elma
at 2020-09-13T18:25
at 2020-09-13T18:25

By Elizabeth
at 2020-09-18T04:53
at 2020-09-18T04:53

By Carolina Franco
at 2020-09-18T09:28
at 2020-09-18T09:28

By Todd Johnson
at 2020-09-20T06:11
at 2020-09-20T06:11

By Megan
at 2020-09-21T02:30
at 2020-09-21T02:30

By Gary
at 2020-09-21T12:01
at 2020-09-21T12:01

By Hardy
at 2020-09-24T07:22
at 2020-09-24T07:22

By Gary
at 2020-09-26T12:16
at 2020-09-26T12:16

By Edith
at 2020-09-27T05:49
at 2020-09-27T05:49

By Audriana
at 2020-10-01T10:18
at 2020-10-01T10:18

By Blanche
at 2020-10-06T02:16
at 2020-10-06T02:16

By Frederica
at 2020-10-09T14:31
at 2020-10-09T14:31

By Poppy
at 2020-10-13T07:13
at 2020-10-13T07:13

By Cara
at 2020-10-17T16:32
at 2020-10-17T16:32

By Emily
at 2020-10-20T15:29
at 2020-10-20T15:29

By Poppy
at 2020-10-23T23:43
at 2020-10-23T23:43

By Dora
at 2020-10-26T21:47
at 2020-10-26T21:47

By Carolina Franco
at 2020-10-31T06:51
at 2020-10-31T06:51

By Sierra Rose
at 2020-11-02T14:25
at 2020-11-02T14:25

By Olivia
at 2020-11-07T07:22
at 2020-11-07T07:22

By Rosalind
at 2020-11-08T15:11
at 2020-11-08T15:11

By Gilbert
at 2020-11-11T11:23
at 2020-11-11T11:23

By Harry
at 2020-11-16T02:27
at 2020-11-16T02:27

By Aaliyah
at 2020-11-18T01:18
at 2020-11-18T01:18

By Franklin
at 2020-11-20T03:13
at 2020-11-20T03:13

By Barb Cronin
at 2020-11-22T04:42
at 2020-11-22T04:42

By Lydia
at 2020-11-24T10:00
at 2020-11-24T10:00

By Callum
at 2020-11-28T17:36
at 2020-11-28T17:36

By Franklin
at 2020-12-02T22:31
at 2020-12-02T22:31

By Callum
at 2020-12-07T07:06
at 2020-12-07T07:06

By Lydia
at 2020-12-09T06:30
at 2020-12-09T06:30

By Valerie
at 2020-12-11T03:41
at 2020-12-11T03:41

By Mia
at 2020-12-14T13:45
at 2020-12-14T13:45

By Ivy
at 2020-12-15T09:44
at 2020-12-15T09:44

By Yedda
at 2020-12-20T08:29
at 2020-12-20T08:29

By Margaret
at 2020-12-20T11:05
at 2020-12-20T11:05

By Gary
at 2020-12-22T14:25
at 2020-12-22T14:25

By Belly
at 2020-12-24T11:12
at 2020-12-24T11:12

By Eden
at 2020-12-28T17:52
at 2020-12-28T17:52

By Margaret
at 2020-12-28T22:57
at 2020-12-28T22:57

By Iris
at 2020-12-29T04:32
at 2020-12-29T04:32

By Andy
at 2020-12-31T13:06
at 2020-12-31T13:06

By Ingrid
at 2021-01-03T19:31
at 2021-01-03T19:31

By Ethan
at 2021-01-06T11:11
at 2021-01-06T11:11

By Gilbert
at 2021-01-09T01:55
at 2021-01-09T01:55

By Catherine
at 2021-01-09T14:36
at 2021-01-09T14:36

By Sierra Rose
at 2021-01-11T14:50
at 2021-01-11T14:50

By Anonymous
at 2021-01-14T10:44
at 2021-01-14T10:44

By Olga
at 2021-01-17T23:09
at 2021-01-17T23:09

By Hedwig
at 2021-01-22T21:46
at 2021-01-22T21:46

By Irma
at 2021-01-23T11:54
at 2021-01-23T11:54

By Olive
at 2021-01-24T09:49
at 2021-01-24T09:49

By Rachel
at 2021-01-24T17:33
at 2021-01-24T17:33

By Kyle
at 2021-01-28T23:29
at 2021-01-28T23:29

By Oliver
at 2021-01-29T04:29
at 2021-01-29T04:29

By Skylar DavisLinda
at 2021-01-31T21:45
at 2021-01-31T21:45

By Joe
at 2021-02-02T21:51
at 2021-02-02T21:51

By Odelette
at 2021-02-02T23:44
at 2021-02-02T23:44

By Caitlin
at 2021-02-04T04:59
at 2021-02-04T04:59

By Edith
at 2021-02-06T10:19
at 2021-02-06T10:19

By Necoo
at 2021-02-07T21:06
at 2021-02-07T21:06

By Brianna
at 2021-02-12T16:00
at 2021-02-12T16:00

By Emma
at 2021-02-16T22:37
at 2021-02-16T22:37

By Brianna
at 2021-02-21T03:26
at 2021-02-21T03:26

By Lauren
at 2021-02-22T20:36
at 2021-02-22T20:36

By Olivia
at 2021-02-27T14:49
at 2021-02-27T14:49

By Christine
at 2021-03-02T16:10
at 2021-03-02T16:10

By Hardy
at 2021-03-06T18:09
at 2021-03-06T18:09

By Hedy
at 2021-03-08T01:35
at 2021-03-08T01:35

By Rae
at 2021-03-09T21:37
at 2021-03-09T21:37

By Eden
at 2021-03-10T01:53
at 2021-03-10T01:53

By Enid
at 2021-03-13T21:59
at 2021-03-13T21:59

By Puput
at 2021-03-18T16:19
at 2021-03-18T16:19

By Andy
at 2021-03-20T20:57
at 2021-03-20T20:57

By Edward Lewis
at 2021-03-21T08:47
at 2021-03-21T08:47

By Skylar Davis
at 2021-03-23T12:40
at 2021-03-23T12:40

By Poppy
at 2021-03-25T03:37
at 2021-03-25T03:37

By Bennie
at 2021-03-27T09:44
at 2021-03-27T09:44

By Tristan Cohan
at 2021-03-30T13:10
at 2021-03-30T13:10

By Emily
at 2021-03-31T08:15
at 2021-03-31T08:15

By Delia
at 2021-04-02T12:54
at 2021-04-02T12:54

By Zora
at 2021-04-07T08:41
at 2021-04-07T08:41

By Selena
at 2021-04-09T19:37
at 2021-04-09T19:37

By Mia
at 2021-04-10T20:40
at 2021-04-10T20:40

By Steve
at 2021-04-12T11:12
at 2021-04-12T11:12

By Olga
at 2021-04-13T20:41
at 2021-04-13T20:41

By Edwina
at 2021-04-15T03:52
at 2021-04-15T03:52

By Hedda
at 2021-04-18T21:21
at 2021-04-18T21:21

By Cara
at 2021-04-20T19:42
at 2021-04-20T19:42

By Jack
at 2021-04-23T02:25
at 2021-04-23T02:25

By Kristin
at 2021-04-26T03:47
at 2021-04-26T03:47

By Andrew
at 2021-04-28T05:27
at 2021-04-28T05:27

By Dinah
at 2021-05-02T06:36
at 2021-05-02T06:36

By Gilbert
at 2021-05-06T05:00
at 2021-05-06T05:00

By Sandy
at 2021-05-09T23:45
at 2021-05-09T23:45

By Lydia
at 2021-05-13T16:54
at 2021-05-13T16:54

By Callum
at 2021-05-14T01:55
at 2021-05-14T01:55

By Olga
at 2021-05-16T07:00
at 2021-05-16T07:00

By James
at 2021-05-20T00:18
at 2021-05-20T00:18

By Dora
at 2021-05-22T18:44
at 2021-05-22T18:44

By Rachel
at 2021-05-23T06:44
at 2021-05-23T06:44

By Gary
at 2021-05-26T00:29
at 2021-05-26T00:29

By Doris
at 2021-05-26T09:11
at 2021-05-26T09:11

By Olive
at 2021-05-29T19:04
at 2021-05-29T19:04

By Jacob
at 2021-05-30T10:28
at 2021-05-30T10:28

By Iris
at 2021-06-01T09:12
at 2021-06-01T09:12

By Joseph
at 2021-06-03T05:24
at 2021-06-03T05:24

By Anonymous
at 2021-06-07T19:34
at 2021-06-07T19:34

By Edwina
at 2021-06-10T18:07
at 2021-06-10T18:07

By Michael
at 2021-06-14T11:27
at 2021-06-14T11:27

By Mary
at 2021-06-15T05:02
at 2021-06-15T05:02

By Leila
at 2021-06-15T19:40
at 2021-06-15T19:40

By Andy
at 2021-06-18T08:52
at 2021-06-18T08:52

By Andy
at 2021-06-22T02:54
at 2021-06-22T02:54

By Ophelia
at 2021-06-22T19:45
at 2021-06-22T19:45

By Dora
at 2021-06-25T12:07
at 2021-06-25T12:07

By Thomas
at 2021-06-28T22:55
at 2021-06-28T22:55

By Heather
at 2021-06-29T06:18
at 2021-06-29T06:18

By Daph Bay
at 2021-07-02T03:20
at 2021-07-02T03:20

By Regina
at 2021-07-05T09:39
at 2021-07-05T09:39

By Zanna
at 2021-07-07T12:01
at 2021-07-07T12:01

By Kelly
at 2021-07-10T11:50
at 2021-07-10T11:50

By Tom
at 2021-07-12T21:14
at 2021-07-12T21:14

By Olga
at 2021-07-14T20:41
at 2021-07-14T20:41

By Ethan
at 2021-07-17T23:30
at 2021-07-17T23:30

By Lydia
at 2021-07-20T14:32
at 2021-07-20T14:32

By Lauren
at 2021-07-22T09:18
at 2021-07-22T09:18

By Valerie
at 2021-07-24T03:20
at 2021-07-24T03:20

By Todd Johnson
at 2021-07-27T14:47
at 2021-07-27T14:47

By Delia
at 2021-08-01T00:14
at 2021-08-01T00:14

By Adele
at 2021-08-01T02:06
at 2021-08-01T02:06

By Yuri
at 2021-08-02T06:38
at 2021-08-02T06:38

By Gilbert
at 2021-08-05T04:06
at 2021-08-05T04:06

By Jack
at 2021-08-06T20:29
at 2021-08-06T20:29

By Puput
at 2021-08-11T02:54
at 2021-08-11T02:54

By Kyle
at 2021-08-13T05:50
at 2021-08-13T05:50

By Agatha
at 2021-08-15T00:09
at 2021-08-15T00:09

By Victoria
at 2021-08-18T03:24
at 2021-08-18T03:24

By Iris
at 2021-08-21T07:06
at 2021-08-21T07:06

By Xanthe
at 2021-08-22T00:53
at 2021-08-22T00:53

By Edward Lewis
at 2021-08-23T05:17
at 2021-08-23T05:17

By Puput
at 2021-08-23T10:03
at 2021-08-23T10:03

By Hamiltion
at 2021-08-28T09:28
at 2021-08-28T09:28

By Iris
at 2021-08-28T13:26
at 2021-08-28T13:26

By Carol
at 2021-08-30T04:46
at 2021-08-30T04:46

By Faithe
at 2021-09-01T12:25
at 2021-09-01T12:25

By Tom
at 2021-09-06T07:34
at 2021-09-06T07:34

By Poppy
at 2021-09-07T17:40
at 2021-09-07T17:40

By Faithe
at 2021-09-11T05:49
at 2021-09-11T05:49

By Joe
at 2021-09-11T11:01
at 2021-09-11T11:01

By Wallis
at 2021-09-11T18:43
at 2021-09-11T18:43

By Leila
at 2021-09-14T06:25
at 2021-09-14T06:25

By Emily
at 2021-09-16T05:22
at 2021-09-16T05:22

By Isabella
at 2021-09-19T04:50
at 2021-09-19T04:50

By Isabella
at 2021-09-22T12:58
at 2021-09-22T12:58

By Robert
at 2021-09-23T22:51
at 2021-09-23T22:51

By Liam
at 2021-09-26T09:59
at 2021-09-26T09:59

By Hedda
at 2021-09-29T05:36
at 2021-09-29T05:36

By Belly
at 2021-10-03T13:08
at 2021-10-03T13:08

By Mason
at 2021-10-06T09:28
at 2021-10-06T09:28

By Mason
at 2021-10-07T15:16
at 2021-10-07T15:16

By Dorothy
at 2021-10-11T18:35
at 2021-10-11T18:35

By Megan
at 2021-10-13T13:24
at 2021-10-13T13:24

By Suhail Hany
at 2021-10-14T01:38
at 2021-10-14T01:38

By Jessica
at 2021-10-15T07:19
at 2021-10-15T07:19

By Thomas
at 2021-10-17T03:22
at 2021-10-17T03:22

By Kama
at 2021-10-19T01:47
at 2021-10-19T01:47

By Ingrid
at 2021-10-23T05:40
at 2021-10-23T05:40

By Enid
at 2021-10-27T07:18
at 2021-10-27T07:18

By Elvira
at 2021-10-28T15:55
at 2021-10-28T15:55

By Blanche
at 2021-11-02T08:04
at 2021-11-02T08:04

By Victoria
at 2021-11-06T12:50
at 2021-11-06T12:50

By Emily
at 2021-11-07T04:36
at 2021-11-07T04:36

By Elvira
at 2021-11-10T10:34
at 2021-11-10T10:34

By Mary
at 2021-11-14T13:00
at 2021-11-14T13:00

By Victoria
at 2021-11-15T08:38
at 2021-11-15T08:38

By Mary
at 2021-11-19T02:02
at 2021-11-19T02:02

By Megan
at 2021-11-23T12:16
at 2021-11-23T12:16

By Gilbert
at 2021-11-25T19:54
at 2021-11-25T19:54

By Michael
at 2021-11-30T05:39
at 2021-11-30T05:39

By Anonymous
at 2021-12-02T11:04
at 2021-12-02T11:04

By Tristan Cohan
at 2021-12-07T04:15
at 2021-12-07T04:15

By Charlie
at 2021-12-11T16:50
at 2021-12-11T16:50

By Zanna
at 2021-12-14T13:06
at 2021-12-14T13:06

By Kama
at 2021-12-14T19:29
at 2021-12-14T19:29

By Michael
at 2021-12-16T08:05
at 2021-12-16T08:05

By Valerie
at 2021-12-16T20:36
at 2021-12-16T20:36

By Caroline
at 2021-12-18T13:15
at 2021-12-18T13:15

By Mia
at 2021-12-22T16:51
at 2021-12-22T16:51

By Necoo
at 2021-12-25T07:31
at 2021-12-25T07:31

By Joseph
at 2021-12-27T13:57
at 2021-12-27T13:57

By Brianna
at 2021-12-31T21:07
at 2021-12-31T21:07

By David
at 2022-01-04T05:49
at 2022-01-04T05:49

By Anonymous
at 2022-01-06T22:47
at 2022-01-06T22:47

By Hedda
at 2022-01-07T07:39
at 2022-01-07T07:39

By Agatha
at 2022-01-08T12:50
at 2022-01-08T12:50

By Todd Johnson
at 2022-01-09T12:17
at 2022-01-09T12:17

By Sarah
at 2022-01-13T08:50
at 2022-01-13T08:50

By Sarah
at 2022-01-17T03:12
at 2022-01-17T03:12

By Connor
at 2022-01-19T18:00
at 2022-01-19T18:00

By Hazel
at 2022-01-20T04:30
at 2022-01-20T04:30

By Agnes
at 2022-01-24T19:04
at 2022-01-24T19:04

By Erin
at 2022-01-25T02:20
at 2022-01-25T02:20

By Regina
at 2022-01-27T19:04
at 2022-01-27T19:04

By Steve
at 2022-01-30T06:41
at 2022-01-30T06:41

By Olivia
at 2022-02-03T22:13
at 2022-02-03T22:13

By Kama
at 2022-02-04T16:40
at 2022-02-04T16:40

By Emily
at 2022-02-05T14:48
at 2022-02-05T14:48

By Jack
at 2022-02-09T03:02
at 2022-02-09T03:02

By Agatha
at 2022-02-12T04:36
at 2022-02-12T04:36

By Zora
at 2022-02-17T00:29
at 2022-02-17T00:29

By Rosalind
at 2022-02-21T03:20
at 2022-02-21T03:20

By Liam
at 2022-02-24T13:21
at 2022-02-24T13:21

By Aaliyah
at 2022-02-27T11:57
at 2022-02-27T11:57

By Charlie
at 2022-02-28T03:21
at 2022-02-28T03:21

By Frederica
at 2022-03-03T05:06
at 2022-03-03T05:06

By Kumar
at 2022-03-07T23:29
at 2022-03-07T23:29

By Isabella
at 2022-03-12T10:19
at 2022-03-12T10:19

By Madame
at 2022-03-13T08:13
at 2022-03-13T08:13

By John
at 2022-03-15T04:50
at 2022-03-15T04:50

By Adele
at 2022-03-16T23:05
at 2022-03-16T23:05

By Iris
at 2022-03-19T05:20
at 2022-03-19T05:20

By Caitlin
at 2022-03-20T04:06
at 2022-03-20T04:06

By Aaliyah
at 2022-03-20T23:01
at 2022-03-20T23:01

By Belly
at 2022-03-23T09:33
at 2022-03-23T09:33

By Aaliyah
at 2022-03-26T00:28
at 2022-03-26T00:28

By Franklin
at 2022-03-26T16:48
at 2022-03-26T16:48

By Valerie
at 2022-03-28T11:16
at 2022-03-28T11:16

By Jake
at 2022-03-30T10:44
at 2022-03-30T10:44

By Ivy
at 2022-03-31T12:37
at 2022-03-31T12:37

By Xanthe
at 2022-04-01T10:03
at 2022-04-01T10:03

By Andrew
at 2022-04-02T23:24
at 2022-04-02T23:24

By Andrew
at 2022-04-07T03:19
at 2022-04-07T03:19

By Yedda
at 2022-04-07T16:35
at 2022-04-07T16:35

By Elizabeth
at 2022-04-08T12:00
at 2022-04-08T12:00

By Yedda
at 2022-04-08T22:47
at 2022-04-08T22:47

By Jessica
at 2022-04-12T07:18
at 2022-04-12T07:18

By Michael
at 2022-04-15T07:32
at 2022-04-15T07:32

By Andrew
at 2022-04-19T12:40
at 2022-04-19T12:40

By Todd Johnson
at 2022-04-20T11:09
at 2022-04-20T11:09

By David
at 2022-04-21T12:24
at 2022-04-21T12:24

By Oscar
at 2022-04-25T11:50
at 2022-04-25T11:50

By George
at 2022-04-28T04:19
at 2022-04-28T04:19

By Zanna
at 2022-04-30T19:07
at 2022-04-30T19:07

By Vanessa
at 2022-05-05T01:34
at 2022-05-05T01:34

By Olivia
at 2022-05-07T12:47
at 2022-05-07T12:47

By Vanessa
at 2022-05-07T22:59
at 2022-05-07T22:59

By Victoria
at 2022-05-11T20:41
at 2022-05-11T20:41

By Kama
at 2022-05-14T03:16
at 2022-05-14T03:16

By Joseph
at 2022-05-15T16:45
at 2022-05-15T16:45

By Valerie
at 2022-05-19T09:22
at 2022-05-19T09:22

By Kumar
at 2022-05-23T06:41
at 2022-05-23T06:41

By Heather
at 2022-05-24T18:51
at 2022-05-24T18:51

By Dorothy
at 2022-05-27T18:29
at 2022-05-27T18:29

By David
at 2022-05-31T08:53
at 2022-05-31T08:53

By Dorothy
at 2022-06-04T13:25
at 2022-06-04T13:25

By Emma
at 2022-06-04T14:46
at 2022-06-04T14:46

By Eden
at 2022-06-07T21:32
at 2022-06-07T21:32

By Queena
at 2022-06-10T12:57
at 2022-06-10T12:57

By Hardy
at 2022-06-12T10:09
at 2022-06-12T10:09

By Skylar DavisLinda
at 2022-06-16T21:44
at 2022-06-16T21:44

By Elizabeth
at 2022-06-20T09:16
at 2022-06-20T09:16

By Kristin
at 2022-06-21T17:27
at 2022-06-21T17:27

By Isla
at 2022-06-26T17:08
at 2022-06-26T17:08

By Jacob
at 2022-06-28T18:11
at 2022-06-28T18:11

By Dorothy
at 2022-07-01T03:18
at 2022-07-01T03:18

By Quintina
at 2022-07-05T02:44
at 2022-07-05T02:44

By Leila
at 2022-07-06T11:04
at 2022-07-06T11:04

By Olive
at 2022-07-07T02:58
at 2022-07-07T02:58

By Charlotte
at 2022-07-11T13:20
at 2022-07-11T13:20

By Rosalind
at 2022-07-15T02:50
at 2022-07-15T02:50

By Eden
at 2022-07-19T11:48
at 2022-07-19T11:48

By Sarah
at 2022-07-19T21:39
at 2022-07-19T21:39

By Carol
at 2022-07-20T09:09
at 2022-07-20T09:09
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